Sources
Books and Book Chapters
Allen, William Francis, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison eds. Slave Songs of the United States. 1867. Reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1995.
Anderson, Paul Allen. Deep River: Music and Memory in Harlem Renaissance Thought. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
Brooks, Tilford. America's Black Musical Heritage. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
Caulfied Mina Davis, “Slavery and the Origins of Black Culture: Elkins Revisited.” In Americans from Africa: Slavery and Its Aftermath, edited by Peter Rose, 171-193. New York: Atherton Press, 1970.
Cone, James H. The Spirituals and the Blues: An Interpretation. New York: Seabury Press, 1972.
Cuney-Hare, Maud. Negro Musicians and their Music. New York: Da Capo Press, 1974.
Dett, Robert Nathaniel. “Understanding the Negro Spiritual.” In The Dett Collection of Negro Spirituals: Second Group (Chicago: Hall and McCreary, 1936.
______. “The Authenticity of the Spiritual,” In The Dett Collection of Negro Spirituals: Third Group (Chicago: Hall and McCreary, 1936.
______. “The Development of the Negro Spiritual.” In The Dett Collection of Negro Spirituals: Fourth Group. Chicago: Hall and McCreary, 1936.
DuBois, W. E. B. “The Sorrow Songs.” Chap. XV in The Souls of Black Folk. 1903. Reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1994.
Epstein, Dena. Sinful Tunes and Spirituals. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
Fisher, Miles Mark. Negro Slave Songs in the United States. New York: Cornell University Press, 1953 and 1992.
Floyd, Samuel, Jr. “Music in the Harlem Renaissance: An Overview.” In Black Music in the Harlem Renaissance. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990.
______. The Power of Black Music: Interpreting Its History from Africa to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Holland, Ted. This Day in African-American Music. San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1993.
Holly, Ellistine Perkins. Biographies of Black Composers and Songwriters: A Supplementary Textbook. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1990.
Hugins Nathan. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford Press, 1971.
Johnson, Hall. “Notes on the Negro Spiritual,” In Readings in Black American Music, edited by Eileen Southern. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.
Johnson, James Weldon, and J. Rosamond Johnson. The Books of American Negro Spirituals. New York: The Viking Press, 1942.
Johnson Harry. Negotiating the Mainstream. Chicago: The American Library Association, 1978.
Katz, Bernard, ed. The Social Implications of Early Negro Music in the United States. New York: Arno Press, 1969.
Locke, Alain L. The Negro and His Music. New York: Amo Press, 1969.
______. The New Negro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
Lovell, John, Jr. Black Song: The Forge and the Flame. New York: Macmillan Company, 1972.
McBrier, Vivian Flag. R. Nathaniel Dett: His Life and Works. Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1977.
Nathan, Hans. Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy. University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.
Peters, Erskine. Lyrics o f the Afro-American Spiritual. A Documentary Collection. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Encyclopedia of Black Music, Greenwood Press, 1993.
Russell, Ralph Anthony. “A Black Composer Speaks: William Levi Dawson.” in Black Lives: Essays in African American Biography, edited by. James L. Conyers Jr., 110-116. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999.
Rublowsky, John. Black Music in America. New York: Basic Books, 1971.
Simpson Anne Key. Follow Me: The Life and Music of R. Nathaniel Dett. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1993.
Smythe, Mabel M., ed. The Black American Reference Book. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
Southall, Geneva Handy. “Art Music of the Blacks in the Nineteenth Century.” In Reflections on Afro-American Music, edited by Dominique-René de Lerma, 161-179. Kent, OH: Kent University Press, 1973.
Southern, Eileen. Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1982.
______. Readings in Black American Music. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.
______. The Music of Black Americans: A History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.
Strausbaugh, John. Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture. New York: Penguin Group, 2006.
Thomas, Andre. Way Over in Beulah Lan’: Understanding and Performing the Negro Spiritual. Dayton, OH: Heritage Music Press, 2007.
Trice, Patricia. Choral Arrangements of the African-American Spiritual: Historical Overview and Annotated Listings. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1998.
Ward Andrew. Dark Midnight When I Rise: The Story of the Jubilee Singers, Who Introduced the World to the Music of Black America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000.
Washington, Booker T, The Story of My Life and Work. Chicago: J. L. Nichols, 1900.
______. Up from Slavery. South Kingstown, RI: Millennium Publications, 2015.
White, Evelyn Davidson. Choral Music by African-American Composers. A Selected Annotated Bibliography. 2nd ed. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1996.
Wright Josephine R. B. “Art/Classical Music.” In African America Music: An Introduction, edited by Mellonee V. Burnim and Portia K. Maultsby. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Work, John W. Folk Songs of the American Negro. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.
Dissertations
Evans, Arthur Lee. “The Development of the Negro Spiritual as Choral Art Music by Afro-American Composers with an Annotated Guide to the Performance of Selected Spirituals.” PhD diss., University of Miami, 1972.
Graham, Sandra J. “The Fisk Jubilee Singers and the Concert Spiritual: The Beginnings of an American Tradition.” PhD diss. New York University, 2001.
Harris, Carl Gordon. “A Study of Characteristic Stylistic Trends Found in the Choral Works of a Selected Group of Afro-American Composers and Arrangers.” DMA diss., University of Missouri, 1972.
Vernon Edward Huff, “William Levi Dawson: An Examination of Selected Letters, Speeches, and Writings.” DMA diss., Arizona State University, 2013.
Malone, Mark Hugh. “William Levi Dawson: American Music Educator.” PhD diss., Florida State University, 1981.
McBrier, Vivian Flagg. “The Life and Works of Robert Nathaniel Dett.” PhD diss., The Catholic University of America, 1967.
McMillan, William Robert. “The Choral Music of William Dawson.” DA diss., University of Northern Colorado, 1991.
Journal Articles
“Convention Highlights.” Choral Journal 15, no. 6 (February 1975).
Epstein, Dena J. "A White Origin for the Black Spiritual? An Invalid Theory and How It Grew." American Music 1 (Summer 1983): 53-59.
Graziano, John. “The Use of Dialect in African-American Spirituals, Popular Songs, and Folk Songs,” Black Music Research Journal 24, no. 2 (Autumn 2004): 261-268. www.jstor.org/stable/4145494.
Malone, Mark Hugh. “William Dawson and the Tuskegee Choir.” Choral Journal 30, no. 8 (Mar. 1990): 17-19.